Internet

The internet is basically an interconnected series of publicly accessible network. It works by transmitting packets of data by the way of a standard Internet Protocol. The internet is in effect a “network of networks” that is comprised of millions of smaller business, academics and government networks which renders the utilization of information and services such as email chat and file transfer.

The application and guidelines that make the internet has existed for over a decade. However, it was not until the 1990’s that the Internet became a public entity. On August 6th 1991, the particle research laboratory, CERN publicized the new World Wide Web project. During its first days the popular web browser was ViolaWWW which was based upon the HyperCard. This was eventually replaced by the Mosaic web browser. Over the course of a decade the internet exhibited an explosive growth, accommodating the majority of existing public computers.

The IP routing structure and hypertext links of the World Wide Web is that of scale-free networks. Just as the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, the research networks connect to larger networks like GEANT, GLORIAD and JANET.

The internet protocol has three layers of Protocols. The lower level is IP, which defines the packets of data that flows from one node to another. The majority of Internet uses version 4 of the IP protocol (IPv4). The standardized version IPv6 exists only in “islands” of connectivity. TCP (Transmission Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) comprises the next level. TCP makes a virtual connection which renders some level of guarantee of reliability. UDP is a connectionless transport in which the ‘lost in transit data packets’ will not be sent again. The application protocols occupy levels 5, 6 and 7 of the OSI model. These are responsible for defining the specific messages, data formats sent and comprehended by the applications running at each end of the communication.

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